Classification Algorithms – Decision Tree

Introduction to Decision Tree

In general, Decision tree analysis is a predictive modelling tool that can be applied across many areas. Decision trees can be constructed by an algorithmic approach that can split the dataset in different ways based on different conditions. Decisions tress are the most powerful algorithms that falls under the category of supervised algorithms.
They can be used for both classification and regression tasks. The two main entities of a tree are decision nodes, where the data is split and leaves, where we got outcome. The example of a binary tree for predicting whether a person is fit or unfit providing various information like age, eating habits and exercise habits, is given below −
In the above decision tree, the question are decision nodes and final outcomes are leaves. We have the following two types of decision trees −

• Classification decision trees − In this kind of decision trees, the decision variable is categorical. The above decision tree is an example of classification decision tree.
• Regression decision trees − In this kind of decision trees, the decision variable is continuous.
  Classification decision trees − In this kind of decision trees, the decision variable is categorical. The above decision tree is an example of classification decision tree.
  Regression decision trees − In this kind of decision trees, the decision variable is continuous.

  Implementing Decision Tree Algorithm

  Gini Index

  It is the name of the cost function that is used to evaluate the binary splits in the dataset and works with the categorial target variable “Success” or “Failure”.
  Higher the value of Gini index, higher the homogeneity. A perfect Gini index value is 0 and worst is 0.5 (for 2 class problem). Gini index for a split can be calculated with the help of following steps −

• First, calculate Gini index for sub-nodes by using the formula p^2+q^2 , which is the sum of the square of probability for success and failure.
• Next, calculate Gini index for split using weighted Gini score of each node of that split.
  First, calculate Gini index for sub-nodes by using the formula p^2+q^2 , which is the sum of the square of probability for success and failure.
  Next, calculate Gini index for split using weighted Gini score of each node of that split.
  Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm uses Gini method to generate binary splits.

  Split Creation

  A split is basically including an attribute in the dataset and a value. We can create a split in dataset with the help of following three parts −

• Part1: Calculating Gini Score − We have just discussed this part in the previous section.
• Part2: Splitting a dataset − It may be defined as separating a dataset into two lists of rows having index of an attribute and a split value of that attribute. After getting the two groups - right and left, from the dataset, we can calculate the value of split by using Gini score calculated in first part. Split value will decide in which group the attribute will reside.
• Part3: Evaluating all splits − Next part after finding Gini score and splitting dataset is the evaluation of all splits. For this purpose, first, we must check every value associated with each attribute as a candidate split. Then we need to find the best possible split by evaluating the cost of the split. The best split will be used as a node in the decision tree.
  Part1: Calculating Gini Score − We have just discussed this part in the previous section.
  Part2: Splitting a dataset − It may be defined as separating a dataset into two lists of rows having index of an attribute and a split value of that attribute. After getting the two groups - right and left, from the dataset, we can calculate the value of split by using Gini score calculated in first part. Split value will decide in which group the attribute will reside.
  Part3: Evaluating all splits − Next part after finding Gini score and splitting dataset is the evaluation of all splits. For this purpose, first, we must check every value associated with each attribute as a candidate split. Then we need to find the best possible split by evaluating the cost of the split. The best split will be used as a node in the decision tree.

  Building a Tree

  As we know that a tree has root node and terminal nodes. After creating the root node, we can build the tree by following two parts −

  Part1: Terminal node creation

  While creating terminal nodes of decision tree, one important point is to decide when to stop growing tree or creating further terminal nodes. It can be done by using two criteria namely maximum tree depth and minimum node records as follows −

• Maximum Tree Depth − As name suggests, this is the maximum number of the nodes in a tree after root node. We must stop adding terminal nodes once a tree reached at maximum depth i.e. once a tree got maximum number of terminal nodes.
• Minimum Node Records − It may be defined as the minimum number of training patterns that a given node is responsible for. We must stop adding terminal nodes once tree reached at these minimum node records or below this minimum.
  Maximum Tree Depth − As name suggests, this is the maximum number of the nodes in a tree after root node. We must stop adding terminal nodes once a tree reached at maximum depth i.e. once a tree got maximum number of terminal nodes.
  Minimum Node Records − It may be defined as the minimum number of training patterns that a given node is responsible for. We must stop adding terminal nodes once tree reached at these minimum node records or below this minimum.
  Terminal node is used to make a final prediction.

  Part2: Recursive Splitting

  As we understood about when to create terminal nodes, now we can start building our tree. Recursive splitting is a method to build the tree. In this method, once a node is created, we can create the child nodes (nodes added to an existing node) recursively on each group of data, generated by splitting the dataset, by calling the same function again and again.

  Prediction

  After building a decision tree, we need to make a prediction about it. Basically, prediction involves navigating the decision tree with the specifically provided row of data.
  We can make a prediction with the help of recursive function, as did above. The same prediction routine is called again with the left or the child right nodes.

  Assumptions

  The following are some of the assumptions we make while creating decision tree −

• While preparing decision trees, the training set is as root node.
• Decision tree classifier prefers the features values to be categorical. In case if you want to use continuous values then they must be done discretized prior to model building.
• Based on the attribute’s values, the records are recursively distributed.
• Statistical approach will be used to place attributes at any node position i.e.as root node or internal node.
  While preparing decision trees, the training set is as root node.
  Decision tree classifier prefers the features values to be categorical. In case if you want to use continuous values then they must be done discretized prior to model building.
  Based on the attribute’s values, the records are recursively distributed.
  Statistical approach will be used to place attributes at any node position i.e.as root node or internal node.

  Implementation in Python

  Example

  In the following example, we are going to implement Decision Tree classifier on Pima Indian Diabetes −
  First, start with importing necessary python packages −

  import pandas as pd
  from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
  from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

  Next, download the iris dataset from its weblink as follows −

  col_names = ['PREG', 'GLUCO', 'BP', 'SKIN', 'INSULIN', 'BMI', 'PEDIG', 'AGE', 'LABEL']
  dataset = pd.read_csv(r"C:datasetspima-indians-diabetes.csv", header=None, names=col_names)
  dataset.head()

  PREG    GLUCO  BP    SKIN  INSULIN  BMI   PEDIG    AGE   LABEL
  0       6         148      72    35     0       33.6    0.627     50      1
  1       1         85       66    29     0       26.6    0.351     31      0
  2       8         183      64     0     0       23.3    0.672     32      1
  3       1         89       66    23     94      28.1    0.167     21      0
  4       0         137      40    35     168     43.1    2.288     33      1

  Now, split the dataset into features and target variable as follows −

  feature_cols = ['PREG', 'GLUCO', 'BP', 'SKIN', 'INSULIN', 'BMI', 'PEDIG', 'AGE']
  X_data = dataset[feature_cols] # Features
  y_data = dataset.label # Target variable

  Next, we will divide the data into train and test split. The following code will split the dataset into 70% training data and 30% of testing data −

  X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X_data, y_data, test_size=0.3, random_state=1)

  Next, train the model with the help of DecisionTreeClassifier class of sklearn as follows −

  clf = DecisionTreeClassifier()
  clf = clf.fit(X_train,y_train)

  At last we need to make prediction. It can be done with the help of following script −

  y_predicted = clf.predict(X_test)

  Next, we can get the accuracy score, confusion matrix and classification report as follows −

  from sklearn.metrics import classification_report, confusion_matrix, accuracy_score
  output = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_predicted)
  print("Confusion Matrix:")
  print(output)
  output1 = classification_report(y_test, y_predicted)
  print("Classification Report:",)
  print (output1)
  output2 = accuracy_score(y_test,y_pred)
  print("Accuracy:",output2)

  Output

  Confusion Matrix:
  [[116 30]
  [ 46 39]]
  Classification Report:
  precision   recall   f1-score    support
  0       0.72      0.79       0.75     146
  1       0.57      0.46       0.51     85
  micro avg     0.67      0.67       0.67     231
  macro avg     0.64      0.63       0.63     231
  weighted avg  0.66      0.67       0.66     231
  Accuracy: 0.670995670995671

  Visualizing The Decision Tree

  The above decision tree can be visualized with the help of following code −

  from sklearn.tree import export_graphviz
  from sklearn.externals.six import StringIO
  from IPython.display import Image
  import pydotplus
  dot_data = StringIO()
  export_graphviz(clf, out_file=dot_data,
  filled=True, rounded=True,
  special_characters=True,feature_names = feature_cols,class_names=['0','1'])
  graph = pydotplus.graph_from_dot_data(dot_data.getvalue())
  graph.write_png('Pima_diabetes_Tree.png')
  Image(graph.create_png())