Dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of data values, used to store data values like a map, which unlike other Data Types that hold only single value as an element, Dictionary holds key:value pair. Key value is provided in the dictionary to make it more optimized.
Note – Keys in a dictionary doesn’t allows Polymorphism.
Creating a Dictionary
In Python, a Dictionary can be created by placing sequence of elements within curly {} braces, separated by ‘comma’. Dictionary holds a pair of values, one being the Key and the other corresponding pair element being its Key:value. Values in a dictionary can be of any datatype and can be duplicated, whereas keys can’t be repeated and must be immutable.
Note – Dictionary keys are case sensitive, same name but different cases of Key will be treated distinctly.
# Creating a Dictionary
# with Integer Keys
Dict = {1: 'prutor', 2: 'DOT', 3: 'prutor'}
print("nDictionary with the use of Integer Keys: ")
print(Dict)
# Creating a Dictionary
# with Mixed keys
Dict = {'Name': 'prutor', 1: [1, 2, 3, 4]}
print("nDictionary with the use of Mixed Keys: ")
print(Dict)
Output:
Dictionary with the use of Integer Keys:
{1: 'prutor', 2: 'DOT', 3: 'prutor'}
Dictionary with the use of Mixed Keys:
{1: [1, 2, 3, 4], 'Name': 'prutor'}
Dictionary can also be created by the built-in function dict(). An empty dictionary can be created by just placing to curly braces{}.
# Creating an empty Dictionary
Dict = {}
print("Empty Dictionary: ")
print(Dict)
# Creating a Dictionary
# with dict() method
Dict = dict({1: 'prutor', 2: 'DOT', 3:'prutor'})
print("nDictionary with the use of dict(): ")
print(Dict)
# Creating a Dictionary
# with each item as a Pair
Dict = dict([(1, 'prutor'), (2, 'DOT')])
print("nDictionary with each item as a pair: ")
print(Dict)
Output:
Empty Dictionary:
{}
Dictionary with the use of dict():
{1: 'prutor', 2: 'DOT', 3: 'prutor'}
Dictionary with each item as a pair:
{1: 'prutor', 2: 'DOT'}
Nested Dictionary:
# Creating a Nested Dictionary
# as shown in the below image
Dict = {1: 'prutor', 2: 'DOT',
3:{'A' : 'Welcome', 'B' : 'To', 'C' : 'prutor'}}
print(Dict)
Output:
{1: 'prutor', 2: 'DOT', 3: {'A': 'Welcome', 'B': 'To', 'C': 'prutor'}}
Adding elements to a Dictionary
In Python Dictionary, Addition of elements can be done in multiple ways. One value at a time can be added to a Dictionary by defining value along with the key e.g. Dict[Key] = ‘Value’. Updating an existing value in a Dictionary can be done by using the built-in update() method. Nested key values can also be added to an existing Dictionary.
Note- While adding a value, if the key value already exists, the value gets updated otherwise a new Key with the value is added to the Dictionary.
# Creating an empty Dictionary
Dict = {}
print("Empty Dictionary: ")
print(Dict)
# Adding elements one at a time
Dict[0] = 'prutor'
Dict[2] = 'DOT'
Dict[3] = 1
print("nDictionary after adding 3 elements: ")
print(Dict)
# Adding set of values
# to a single Key
Dict['Value_set'] = 2, 3, 4
print("nDictionary after adding 3 elements: ")
print(Dict)
# Updating existing Key's Value
Dict[2] = 'Welcome'
print("nUpdated key value: ")
print(Dict)
# Adding Nested Key value to Dictionary
Dict[5] = {'Nested' :{'1' : 'Life', '2' : 'prutor'}}
print("nAdding a Nested Key: ")
print(Dict)
Output:
Empty Dictionary:
{}
Dictionary after adding 3 elements:
{0: 'prutor', 2: 'DOT', 3: 1}
Dictionary after adding 3 elements:
{0: 'prutor', 2: 'DOT', 3: 1, 'Value_set': (2, 3, 4)}
Updated key value:
{0: 'prutor', 2: 'Welcome', 3: 1, 'Value_set': (2, 3, 4)}
Adding a Nested Key:
{0: 'prutor', 2: 'Welcome', 3: 1, 5: {'Nested': {'1': 'Life', '2': 'prutor'}}, 'Value_set': (2, 3, 4)}
Accessing elements from a Dictionary
In order to access the items of a dictionary refer to its key name.Key can be used inside square brackets.
# Python program to demonstrate
# accessing a element from a Dictionary
# Creating a Dictionary
Dict = {1: 'prutor', 'name': 'DOT', 3: 'prutor'}
# accessing a element using key
print("Accessing a element using key:")
print(Dict['name'])
# accessing a element using key
print("Accessing a element using key:")
print(Dict[1])
Output:
Accessing a element using key:
For
Accessing a element using key:
prutor
There is also a method called get() that will also help in acessing the element from a dictionary.
# Creating a Dictionary
Dict = {1: 'prutor', 'name': 'DOT', 3: 'prutor'}
# accessing a element using get()
# method
print("Accessing a element using get:")
print(Dict.get(3))
Output:
Accessing a element using get:
prutor
Accessing element of a nested dictionary
In order to access the value of any key in nested dictionary, use indexing [] syntax.
# Creating a Dictionary
Dict = {'Dict1': {1: 'prutor'},
'Dict2': {'Name': 'DOT'}}
# Accessing element using key
print(Dict['Dict1'])
print(Dict['Dict1'][1])
print(Dict['Dict2']['Name'])
Output:
{1: 'prutor'}
prutor
For
Removing Elements from Dictionary
Using del keyword
In Python Dictionary, deletion of keys can be done by using the del keyword. Using del keyword, specific values from a dictionary as well as whole dictionary can be deleted. Items in a Nested dictionary can also be deleted by using del keyword and providing specific nested key and particular key to be deleted from that nested Dictionary.
Note- del Dict will delete the entire dictionary and hence printing it after deletion will raise an Error.
# Initial Dictionary
Dict = { 5 : 'Welcome', 6 : 'To', 7 : 'prutor',
'A' : {1 : 'prutor', 2 : 'DOT', 3 : 'prutor'},
'B' : {1 : 'prutor', 2 : 'Life'}}
print("Initial Dictionary: ")
print(Dict)
# Deleting a Key value
del Dict[6]
print("nDeleting a specific key: ")
print(Dict)
# Deleting a Key from
# Nested Dictionary
del Dict['A'][2]
print("nDeleting a key from Nested Dictionary: ")
print(Dict)
Output:
Initial Dictionary:
{'A': {1: 'prutor', 2: 'DOT', 3: 'prutor'}, 'B': {1: 'prutor', 2: 'Life'}, 5: 'Welcome', 6: 'To', 7: 'prutor'}
Deleting a specific key:
{'A': {1: 'prutor', 2: 'DOT', 3: 'prutor'}, 'B': {1: 'prutor', 2: 'Life'}, 5: 'Welcome', 7: 'prutor'}
Deleting a key from Nested Dictionary:
{'A': {1: 'prutor', 3: 'prutor'}, 'B': {1: 'prutor', 2: 'Life'}, 5: 'Welcome', 7: 'prutor'}
Using pop() method
Pop() method is used to return and delete the value of the key specified.
# Creating a Dictionary
Dict = {1: 'prutor', 'name': 'DOT', 3: 'prutor'}
# Deleting a key
# using pop() method
pop_ele = Dict.pop(1)
print('nDictionary after deletion: ' + str(Dict))
print('Value associated to poped key is: ' + str(pop_ele))
Output:
Dictionary after deletion: {3: 'prutor', 'name': 'DOT'}
Value associated to poped key is: prutor
Using popitem() method
The popitem() returns and removes an arbitrary element (key, value) pair from the dictionary.
# Creating Dictionary
Dict = {1: 'prutor', 'name': 'DOT', 3: 'prutor'}
# Deleting an arbitrary key
# using popitem() function
pop_ele = Dict.popitem()
print("nDictionary after deletion: " + str(Dict))
print("The arbitrary pair returned is: " + str(pop_ele))
Output:
Dictionary after deletion: {3: 'prutor', 'name': 'DOT'}
The arbitrary pair returned is: (1, 'prutor')
Using clear() method
All the items from a dictionary can be deleted at once by using clear() method.
# Creating a Dictionary
Dict = {1: 'prutor', 'name': 'DOT', 3: 'prutor'}
# Deleting entire Dictionary
Dict.clear()
print("nDeleting Entire Dictionary: ")
print(Dict)
Output:
Deleting Entire Dictionary:
{}
Dictionary Methods
Methods Description
copy() They copy() method returns a shallow copy of the dictionary.
clear() The clear() method removes all items from the dictionary. pop() Removes and returns an element from a dictionary having the given key. popitem() Removes the arbitrary key-value pair from the dictionary and returns it as tuple.
get() It is a conventional method to access a value for a key.
dictionary_name.values() returns a list of all the values available in a given dictionary.
str() Produces a printable string representation of a dictionary.
update() Adds dictionary dict2’s key-values pairs to dict
setdefault() Set dict[key]=default if key is not already in dict
keys() Returns list of dictionary dict’s keys
items() Returns a list of dict’s (key, value) tuple pairs
has_key() Returns true if key in dictionary dict, false otherwise
fromkeys() Create a new dictionary with keys from seq and values set to value.
type() Returns the type of the passed variable.
cmp() Compares elements of both dict.