In Python, Strings are arrays of bytes representing Unicode characters. However, Python does not have a character data type, a single character is simply a string with a length of 1. Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string.
Creating a String
Strings in Python can be created using single quotes or double quotes or even triple quotes.
# Python Program for
# Creation of String
# Creating a String
# with single Quotes
String_1 = 'Welcome to the prutor World'
print("String with the use of Single Quotes: ")
print(String_1)
# Creating a String
# with double Quotes
String_1 = "I'm a prutor"
print("nString with the use of Double Quotes: ")
print(String_1)
# Creating a String
# with triple Quotes
String_1 = '''I'm a prutor and I live in a world of "prutor"'''
print("nString with the use of Triple Quotes: ")
print(String_1)
# Creating String with triple
# Quotes allows multiple lines
String_1 = '''prutor
For
Life'''
print("nCreating a multiline String: ")
print(String_1)
Output:
String with the use of Single Quotes:
Welcome to the prutor World
String with the use of Double Quotes:
I'm a prutor
String with the use of Triple Quotes:
I'm a prutor and I live in a world of "prutor"
Creating a multiline String:
prutor
For
Life
Accessing characters in Python
In Python, individual characters of a String can be accessed by using the method of Indexing. Indexing allows negative address references to access characters from the back of the String, e.g. -1 refers to the last character, -2 refers to the second last character and so on.
While accessing an index out of the range will cause an IndexError. Only Integers are allowed to be passed as an index, float or other types will cause a TypeError.
strings
# Python Program to Access
# characters of String
String_1 = "prutor"
print("Initial String: ")
print(String_1)
# Printing First character
print("nFirst character of String is: ")
print(String_1[0])
# Printing Last character
print("nLast character of String is: ")
print(String_1[-1])
Output:
Initial String:
prutor
First character of String is:
G
Last character of String is:
s
String Slicing
To access a range of characters in the String, method of slicing is used. Slicing in a String is done by using a Slicing operator (colon).
# Python Program to
# demonstrate String slicing
# Creating a String
String_1 = "prutor"
print("Initial String: ")
print(String_1)
# Printing 3rd to 12th character
print("nSlicing characters from 3-12: ")
print(String_1[3:12])
# Printing characters between
# 3rd and 2nd last character
print("nSlicing characters between " +
"3rd and 2nd last character: ")
print(String_1[3:-2])
Output:
Initial String:
prutor
Slicing characters from 3-12:
ksForprutor
Slicing characters between 3rd and 2nd last character:
ksForGee
Deleting/Updating from a String
In Python, Updation or deletion of characters from a String is not allowed. This will cause an error because item assignment or item deletion from a String is not supported. Although deletion of entire String is possible with the use of a built-in del keyword. This is because Strings are immutable, hence elements of a String cannot be changed once it has been assigned. Only new strings can be reassigned to the same name.
Updation of a character:
# Python Program to Update
# character of a String
String_1 = "Hello, I'm a prutor"
print("Initial String: ")
print(String_1)
# Updating a character
# of the String
String_1[2] = 'p'
print("nUpdating character at 2nd Index: ")
print(String_1)
Error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “/home/360bb1830c83a918fc78aa8979195653.py”, line 10, in
String_1[2] = ‘p’
TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment
Updating Entire String:
# Python Program to Update
# entire String
String_1 = "Hello, I'm a prutor"
print("Initial String: ")
print(String_1)
# Updating a String
String_1 = "Welcome to the prutor World"
print("nUpdated String: ")
print(String_1)
Output:
Initial String:
Hello, I'm a prutor
Updated String:
Welcome to the prutor World
Deletion of a character:
# Python Program to Delete
# characters from a String
String_1 = "Hello, I'm a prutor"
print("Initial String: ")
print(String_1)
# Deleting a character
# of the String
del String_1[2]
print("nDeleting character at 2nd Index: ")
print(String_1)
Error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “/home/499e96a61e19944e7e45b7a6e1276742.py”, line 10, in
del String_1[2]
TypeError: ‘str’ object doesn’t support item deletion
Deleting Entire String:
Deletion of entire string is possible with the use of del keyword. Further, if we try to print the string, this will produce an error because String is deleted and is unavailable to be printed.
# Python Program to Delete
# entire String
String_1 = "Hello, I'm a prutor"
print("Initial String: ")
print(String_1)
# Deleting a String
# with the use of del
del String_1
print("nDeleting entire String: ")
print(String_1)
Error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “/home/e4b8f2170f140da99d2fe57d9d8c6a94.py”, line 12, in
print(String_1)
NameError: name ‘String_1’ is not defined
Escape Sequencing in Python
While printing Strings with single and double quotes in it causes SyntaxError because String already contains Single and Double Quotes and hence cannot be printed with the use of either of these. Hence, to print such a String either Triple Quotes are used or Escape sequences are used to print such Strings.
Escape sequences start with a backslash and can be interpreted differently. If single quotes are used to represent a string, then all the single quotes present in the string must be escaped and same is done for Double Quotes.
# Python Program for
# Escape Sequencing
# of String
# Initial String
String_1 = '''I'm a "prutor"'''
print("Initial String with use of Triple Quotes: ")
print(String_1)
# Escaping Single Quote
String_1 = 'I'm a "prutor"'
print("nEscaping Single Quote: ")
print(String_1)
# Escaping Doule Quotes
String_1 = "I'm a "prutor""
print("nEscaping Double Quotes: ")
print(String_1)
# Printing Paths with the
# use of Escape Sequences
String_1 = "C:Pythonprutor"
print("nEscaping Backslashes: ")
print(String_1)
Output:
Initial String with use of Triple Quotes:
I'm a "prutor"
Escaping Single Quote:
I'm a "prutor"
Escaping Double Quotes:
I'm a "prutor"
Escaping Backslashes:
C:Pythonprutor
To ignore the escape sequences in a String, r or R is used, this implies that the string is a raw string and escape sequences inside it are to be ignored.
# Printing prutor in HEX
String_1 = "This is x47x65x65x6bx73 in x48x45x58"
print("nPrinting in HEX with the use of Escape Sequences: ")
print(String_1)
# Using raw String to
# ignore Escape Sequences
String_1 = r"This is x47x65x65x6bx73 in x48x45x58"
print("nPrinting Raw String in HEX Format: ")
print(String_1)
Output:
Printing in HEX with the use of Escape Sequences:
This is prutor in HEX
Printing Raw String in HEX Format:
This is x47x65x65x6bx73 in x48x45x58
Formatting of Strings
Strings in Python can be formatted with the use of format() method which is very versatile and powerful tool for formatting of Strings. Format method in String contains curly braces {} as placeholders which can hold arguments according to position or keyword to specify the order.
# Python Program for
# Formatting of Strings
# Default order
String_1 = "{} {} {}".format('prutor', 'For', 'Life')
print("Print String in default order: ")
print(String_1)
# Positional Formatting
String_1 = "{1} {0} {2}".format('prutor', 'For', 'Life')
print("nPrint String in Positional order: ")
print(String_1)
# Keyword Formatting
String_1 = "{l} {f} {g}".format(g = 'prutor', f = 'For', l = 'Life')
print("nPrint String in order of Keywords: ")
print(String_1)
Output:
Print String in default order:
prutor For Life
Print String in Positional order:
For prutor Life
Print String in order of Keywords:
Life For prutor
Integers such as Binary, hexadecimal, etc. and floats can be rounded or displayed in the exponent form with the use of format specifiers.
# Formatting of Integers
String_1 = "{0:b}".format(16)
print("nBinary representation of 16 is ")
print(String_1)
# Formatting of Floats
String_1 = "{0:e}".format(165.6458)
print("nExponent representation of 165.6458 is ")
print(String_1)
# Rounding off Integers
String_1 = "{0:.2f}".format(1/6)
print("none-sixth is : ")
print(String_1)
Output:
Binary representation of 16 is
10000
Exponent representation of 165.6458 is
1.656458e+02
one-sixth is :
0.17
A string can be left() or center(^) justified with the use of format specifiers, separated by colon(:).
# String alignment
String_1 = "|{:<10}|{:^10}|{:>10}|".format('prutor','.','prutor')
print("nLeft, center and right alignment with Formatting: ")
print(String_1)
# To demonstrate aligning of spaces
String_1 = "n{0:^16} was founded in {1:<4}!".format("prutor.ai", 2009)
print(String_1)
Output:
Left, center and right alignment with Formatting:
|prutor | . | prutor|
prutor.ai was founded in 2009 !
Old style formatting was done without the use of format method by using % operator
# Python Program for
# Old Style Formatting
# of Integers
Integer1 = 12.3456789
print("Formatting in 3.2f format: ")
print('The value of Integer1 is %3.2f' %Integer1)
print("nFormatting in 3.4f format: ")
print('The value of Integer1 is %3.4f' %Integer1)
Output:
Formatting in 3.2f format:
The value of Integer1 is 12.35
Formatting in 3.4f format:
The value of Integer1 is 12.3457
Useful String Operations
Logical Operators on String
String Formatting using %
String Template Class
Split a string
Python Docstrings
String slicing
Find all duplicate characters in string
Reverse string in Python (5 different ways)
Python program to check if a string is palindrome or not
String constants
Built-In Function Description
string.ascii_letters Concatenation of the ascii_lowercase and ascii_uppercase constants.
string.ascii_lowercase Concatenation of lowercase letters
string.ascii_uppercase Concatenation of uppercase letters
string.digits Digit in strings
string.hexdigits Hexadigit in strings
string.letters concatenation of the strings lowercase and uppercase
string.lowercase A string must contain lowercase letters.
string.octdigits Octadigit in a string
string.punctuation ASCII characters having punctuation characters.
string.printable String of characters which are printable
String.endswith() Returns True if a string ends with the given suffix otherwise returns False
String.startswith() Returns True if a string starts with the given prefix otherwise returns False
String.isdigit() Returns “True” if all characters in the string are digits, Otherwise, It returns “False”.
String.isalpha() Returns “True” if all characters in the string are alphabets, Otherwise, It returns “False”.
string.isdecimal() Returns true if all characters in a string are decimal.
str.format() one of the string formatting methods in Python3, which allows multiple substitutions and value formatting.
String.index Returns the position of the first occurrence of substring in a string
string.uppercase A string must contain uppercase letters.
string.whitespace A string containing all characters that are considered whitespace.
string.swapcase() Method converts all uppercase characters to lowercase and vice versa of the given string, and returns it
replace() returns a copy of the string where all occurrences of a substring is replaced with another substring.
Deprecated string functions
Built-In Function Description
string.Isdecimal Returns true if all characters in a string are decimal
String.Isalnum Returns true if all the characters in a given string are alphanumeric.
string.Istitle Returns True if the string is a titlecased string
String.partition splits the string at the first occurrence of the separator and returns a tuple.
String.Isidentifier Check whether a string is a valid identifier or not.
String.len Returns the length of the string.
String.rindex Returns the highest index of the substring inside the string if substring is found.
String.Max Returns the highest alphabetical character in a string.
String.min Returns the minimum alphabetical character in a string.
String.splitlines Returns a list of lines in the string.
string.capitalize Return a word with its first character capitalized.
string.expandtabs Expand tabs in a string replacing them by one or more spaces
string.find Return the lowest indexin a sub string.
string.rfind find the highest index.
string.count Return the number of (non-overlapping) occurrences of substring sub in string
string.lower Return a copy of s, but with upper case letters converted to lower case.
string.split Return a list of the words of the string,If the optional second argument sep is absent or None
string.rsplit() Return a list of the words of the string s, scanning s from the end.
rpartition() Method splits the given string into three parts
string.splitfields Return a list of the words of the string when only used with two arguments.
string.join Concatenate a list or tuple of words with intervening occurrences of sep.
string.strip() It return a copy of the string with both leading and trailing characters removed
string.lstrip Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed.
string.rstrip Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed.
string.swapcase Converts lower case letters to upper case and vice versa.
string.translate translate the characters using table
string.upper lower case letters converted to upper case.
string.ljust left-justify in a field of given width.
string.rjust Right-justify in a field of given width.
string.center() Center-justify in a field of given width.
string-zfill Pad a numeric string on the left with zero digits until the given width is reached.
string.replace Return a copy of string s with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
string.casefold() Returns the string in lowercase which can be used for caseless comparisons.
string.encode Encodes the string into any encoding supported by Python.Default encoding is utf-8.
string.maketrans Returns a translation table usable for str.translate()