Python is an amazingly user-friendly language with the only flaw of being slow. In comparison to C, C++, and Java, it is quite slower. Online coding platforms, if C/C++ limit provided is X. Usually, in Java time provided is 2X and Python, it’s 5X.
To improve the speed of code execution for input/output intensive problems, languages have various input and output procedures.
An Example Problem :
Consider a question of finding the sum of N numbers inputted from the user.
Input a number N.
Input N numbers separated by a single space in a line.
Examples:
Input :
5
1 2 3 4 5
Output :
15
Different Python solutions for the above Problem :
Normal Method Python: (Python 2.7)
1. raw_input() takes an optional prompt argument. It also strips the trailing newline character from the string it returns.
2. print is just a thin wrapper that formats the inputs (space between args and newline at the end) and calls the write function of a given object.
Python
# basic method of input output
# input N
n = int(raw_input())
# input the array
arr = [int(x) for x in raw_input().split()]
# initialize variable
summation = 0
# calculate sum
for x in arr:
summation += x
# print answer
print(summation)
A bit faster method using inbuilt stdin, stdout: (Python 2.7)
1. sys.stdin on the other hand is a File Object. It is like creating any other file object one could create to read input from the file. In this case, the file will be standard input buffer.
2. stdout.write(‘Dn’) is faster than print ‘D’.
3. Even faster is to write all once by stdout.write(“”.join(list-comprehension)) but this makes memory usage dependent on size of input.
Python
# import inbuilt standard input output
from sys import stdin, stdout
# suppose a function called main() and
# all the operations are performed
def main():
# input via readline method
n = stdin.readline()
# array input similar method
arr = [int(x) for x in stdin.readline().split()]
#initialize variable
summation = 0
# calculate sum
for x in arr:
summation += x
# could use inbuilt summation = sum(arr)
# print answer via write
# write method writes only
# string operations
# so we need to convert any
# data into string for input
stdout.write(str(summation))
# call the main method
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Difference in time:
Timing summary (100k lines each)
——————————–
Print : 6.040 s
Write to file : 0.122 s
Print with Stdout : 0.121 s
As we have seen till now that taking input from the standard system and giving output to the standard system is always a good idea to improve the efficiency of the code which is always a need in Competitive programming. But wait! would you like to write these long lines every time when you need them? Then, what’s the benefit of using Python.
Let’s discuss the solution to this problem. What we can do is let’s create separate functions for taking inputs of various types and just call them whenever you need them.
When you want to take input of particular integers of integers given in a single line
Suppose the input is of the following form
5 7 19 20
and we want separate variables to reference them. what we want is:
a = 5
b = 7
c = 19
d = 20
so, we can create a function named as get_ints() as follows:
Python3
import sys
def get_ints(): return map(int, sys.stdin.readline().strip().split())
a,b,c,d = get_ints()
Now you don’t have to write this line again and again. You just have to call the get_ints() function in order to take input in this form. In the function get_ints we are using the map function.
When you want to take input of list of integers given in a single line
Suppose the input is of the following form
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
and we want that a single variable will hold the whole list of integers. What we want is :
Arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
So, here we will create a function named as get_list() as follows:
Python3
import sys
def get_ints(): return list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().strip().split()))
Arr = get_ints()
Now you don’t have to write this line again and again. You just have to call the get_ints() function in order to take input in this form
When you want to take input of string
Suppose the input is of the following form
prutor.ai is the best platform to practice Coding.
and we want that a single reference variable will hold this string. What we want is :
string = "prutor.ai if the best platform to practice coding."
So, here we will create a function named as get_string() as follows:
Python3
import sys
def get_string(): return sys.stdin.readline().strip()
string = get_string()
Now you don’t have to write this line again and again. You just have to call the get_string() function in order to take input in this form
Adding a buffered pipe io: (Python 2.7)
1. Simply, adding the buffered IO code before your submission code to make the output faster.
2. The benefit of io.BytesIO objects is that they implement a common interface (commonly known as a ‘file-like’ object). BytesIO objects have an internal pointer and for every call to read(n) the pointer advances.
3. The atexit module provides a simple interface to register functions to be called when a program closes down normally. The sys module also provides a hook, sys.exitfunc, but only one function can be registered there. The atexit registry can be used by multiple modules and libraries simultaneously.
Python
# template begins
#####################################
# import libraries for input/ output handling
# on generic level
import atexit, io, sys
# A stream implementation using an in-memory bytes
# buffer. It inherits BufferedIOBase.
buffer = io.BytesIO()
sys.stdout = buffer
# print via here
@atexit.register
def write():
sys.__stdout__.write(buffer.getvalue())
#####################################
# template ends
# normal method followed
# input N
n = int(raw_input())
# input the array
arr = [int(x) for x in raw_input().split()]
# initialize variable
summation = 0
# calculate sum
for x in arr:
summation += x
# print answer
print(summation)
While handling a large amount of data usually, the normal method fails to execute within the time limit. Method 2 helps in maintaining a large amount of I/O data. Method 3 is the fastest. Usually, handling of input data files greater than 2 or 3 MBs is helped via method 2 and 3.